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Amplitude-Encoding Assignment

Amplitude-encoding assignment represents the evaluation of an expression over a quantum variable in the amplitudes of the resulting state. The target qubit serves as an indicator for the success of the computation. Supported expressions include a number of useful math functions, including trigonometric functions and multiplicative invert (\(x^{-1}\)).

Syntax

target-var *= expression

expression supports quantum numeric subscripts: [0, 1, 2, 3][n] or lookup_table[n] where lookup_table is an array of classical real numbers and n is an unsigned quantum integer.

target-var *= expression

expression supports quantum numeric subscripts: subscript([0, 1, 2, 3], n) or lookup_table[n] where lookup_table is an array of classical real numbers and n is an unsigned quantum integer.

Semantics

  • target-var must be initialized prior to the assignment.
  • Only a single quantum numeric variable is allowed in expression.

  • expression must evaluate to a real number in the domain [-1, 1]. Values that exceed this range are trimmed. Poles of the expression are ignored (set to 0). For example, given the expression 1/x, the zero state of x is ignored, as it is undefined.

  • For expression over quantum variable \(x\) that computes the function \(f(x)\), the operation performed by the statement is -

\(|x\rangle |0\rangle \rightarrow \sqrt{1-f^2(x)}|x\rangle |0\rangle + f(x)|x\rangle |1\rangle\)

Quantum Numeric Subscript Semantics

  • lookup_table[n] returns the n'th item of lookup_table. If n is in superposition, so does lookup_table[n].
  • n must be an unsigned quantum integer (is_signed=False, fraction_digits=0). The number of qubits in n must match the length of lookup_table: 2 ** n.size == lookup_table.len.

Example

In the following example, the function \(f(x) = x^2\) is computed over a quantum variable x:

qfunc main(output x: qnum<5, UNSIGNED, 5>, output ind: qnum) {
  allocate(5, x);
  hadamard_transform(x);
  allocate(1, ind);
  ind *= x**2;
}

from classiq import QNum, qfunc, prepare_int, QBit
from classiq import (
    Output,
    QNum,
    UNSIGNED,
    allocate,
    qfunc,
    hadamard_transform,
)


@qfunc
def main(x: Output[QNum[5, UNSIGNED, 5]], ind: Output[QNum]) -> None:
    allocate(5, x)
    hadamard_transform(x)
    allocate(1, ind)
    ind *= x**2

Synthesizing and executing this model results in the histogram shown below. States with the variable ind sampled as 1 (on the right side of the histogram) have probabilities corresponding to \((x^2)^2\). The probability of states with ind sampled as 0 (on the left side of the histogram) correspond to \(1-(x^2)^2\).

amplitude_encoding_result.png